Are we all born with the same brain?

sciencedaily.com - Every person has a unique brain anatomy - ScienceDaily

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Like with fingerprints, no two people have the same brain anatomy, a study by researchers of the University of Zurich has shown. This uniqueness is the result of a combination of genetic factors and individual life experiences. The fingerprint is unique in every individual: As no two fingerprints are the same, they have become the go-to method of identity verification for police, immigration authorities and smartphone producers alike. But what about the central switchboard inside our heads? Is it possible to find out who a brain belongs to from certain anatomical features? This is the question posed by the group working with Lutz Jäncke, UZH professor of neuropsychology. In earlier studies, Jäncke had already been able to demonstrate that individual experiences and life circumstances influence the anatomy of the brain.

Experiences make their mark on the brain

Professional musicians, golfers or chess players, for example, have particular characteristics in the regions of the brain which they use the most for their skilled activity. However, events of shorter duration can also leave behind traces in the brain: If, for example, the right arm is kept still for two weeks, the thickness of the brain's cortex in the areas responsible for controlling the immobilized arm is reduced. "We suspected that those experiences having an effect on the brain interact with the genetic make-up so that over the course of years every person develops a completely individual brain anatomy," explains Jäncke.

Magnetic resonance imaging provides basis for calculations

To investigate their hypothesis, Jäncke and his research team examined the brains of nearly 200 healthy older people using magnetic resonance imaging three times over a period of two years. Over 450 brain anatomical features were assessed, including very general ones such as total volume of the brain, thickness of the cortex, and volumes of grey and white matter. For each of the 191 people, the researchers were able to identify an individual combination of specific brain anatomical characteristics, whereby the identification accuracy, even for the very general brain anatomical characteristics, was over 90 percent.

Combination of circumstances and genetics

"With our study we were able to confirm that the structure of people's brains is very individual," says Lutz Jäncke on the findings. "The combination of genetic and non-genetic influences clearly affects not only the functioning of the brain, but also its anatomy." The replacement of fingerprint sensors with MRI scans in the future is unlikely, however. MRIs are too expensive and time-consuming in comparison to the proven and simple method of taking fingerprints.

Progress in neuroscience

An important aspect of the study's findings for Jäncke is that they reflect the great developments made in the field in recent years: "Just 30 years ago we thought that the human brain had few or no individual characteristics. Personal identification through brain anatomical characteristics was unimaginable." In the meantime magnetic resonance imaging has got much better, as has the software used to evaluate digitalized brain scans -- Jäncke says it is thanks to this progress that we now know better.

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How much is 10 pips worth?

0.10 USD Commodities Commodities Pip value per 1 standard lots Pip value per 0.01 standard lots XTIUSD 10 USD 0.10 USD XBRUSD 10 USD 0.10 USD XAGUSD 50 USD 0.50 USD XAUUSD 10 USD 0.10 USD 6 more rows

pepperstone.com - Calculator Pip Value - Pepperstone

We quote currency pairs by "5, 3 and 2" decimal places – also known as fractional pips or pipettes.

On a 5 decimal place currency pair a pip is 0.00010

On a 3 decimal place currency pair a pip is 0.010

On a 2 decimal place currency pair a pip is 0.10

For example: If GBP/USD moves from 1.51542 to 1.51552, that .00010 USD move higher is one pip. When trading FX and other symbols, there are some easy rules to calculate the ‘pip-value’ of the trade so you can work out your potential gains and losses quickly. When trading a ‘spot’ instrument, the pip value will always be in the second quoted symbol on the currency pair – so for EURAUD/USD, this means the pip value will be based in U.S. Dollars. This also applies to commodity pairs such as Gold (XAU/USD) – where the pip value will be based in USD. For Indices, the point value will be based in the currency of the country that hosts that stock index; for instance, GER30 is traded in Europe which means that the point value is given in EUR (Euro); US500 is traded in the US, so the point value will be in US Dollars. A list of all traded symbols and their pip values is shown below. The pip scales in direct proportion to the trade size – so a 2 lot trade will have twice the value per pip as a 1 lot trade.

Pip values:

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