Is poker more luck or strategy?

According to their study, both skat and poker involve more than 50 per cent luck, yet over the long term, skill prevails. "Whether a game is one of skill or luck also determines whether it can be played for money.

sciencedaily.com - Skat and poker: More luck than skill? Economists develop rating system

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Chess requires playing ability and strategic thinking; in roulette, chance determines victory or defeat, gain or loss. But what about skat and poker? Are they games of chance or games of skill in game theory? This classification also determines whether play may involve money. Prof. Dr Jörg Oechssler and his team of economists at Heidelberg University studied this question, developing a rating system similar to the Elo system used for chess. According to their study, both skat and poker involve more than 50 per cent luck, yet over the long term, skill prevails.

"Whether a game is one of skill or luck also determines whether it can be played for money. But assigning a game to these categories is difficult owing to the many shades of gradation between extremes like roulette and chess," states Prof. Oechssler. Courts in Germany legally classify poker as a game of chance that can be played only in government-sanctioned casinos, whereas skat is considered a game of skill. This classification stems from a court decision taken in 1906. One frequently used assessment criterion is whether the outcome for one player depends more than 50 per cent on luck. But how can this be measured objectively?

It is this question the Heidelberg researchers investigated in their game theoretic study. Using data from more than four million online games of chess, poker, and skat, they developed a rating system for poker and skat based on the Elo method for chess, which calculates the relative skill levels of individual players. "Because chess is purely a game of skill, the rating distribution is very wide, ranging from 1,000 for a novice to over 2.800 for the current world champion. So the wider the distribution, the more important skill is," explains Dr Peter Dürsch. In a game involving more luck and chance, the numbers are therefore not likely to be so far apart. The Heidelberg research confirms exactly that: the distribution is much narrower in poker and skat. Whereas the standard deviation -- the average deviation from the mean -- for chess is over 170, the other two games did not exceed 30. To create a standard of comparison for a game involving more than 50 per cent luck, the researchers replaced every other game in their chess data set with a coin toss. This produced a deviation of 45, which is still much higher than poker and skat. "Both games fall below the 50 per cent skill level, and therefore depend mainly on luck," states Marco Lambrecht. "Skill, however, does prevail in the long run. Our analyses show that after about one hundred games, a poker player who is one standard deviation better than his opponent is 75 per cent more likely to have won more games than his opponent." In principle, the method can be applied to all games where winners are determined, report the researchers. The percentage of skill in the popular card game Mau-Mau, for example, is far less than poker, whereas the Chinese board game Go involves even more skill than chess.

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Can you put a +2 on a +2?

No. When a +2 is played the next player must draw 2 cards and lose their turn. They cannot stack.

indianexpress.com - UNO clarifies its 'draw 2' rule again but netizens refuse to play ball

From forging strong bonds to prompting major fights, the classic card game UNO has often triggered intense competition among its players. However, this time a “controversial” tweet by the UNO official handle seems to have united the fans of the card game against it. In an attempt to clarify a common confusion in the game, Uno has confirmed that “Draw Four” or “Draw Two” cards cannot be stacked. “Per management: You cannot STACK a +2 on a +2,” they tweeted and then anticipating the reaction of players added, “Go ahead, roast us.” *Per management: 🚨 You cannot STACK a +2 on a +2 🚨 Go ahead, roast us. — UNO (@realUNOgame) October 8, 2020 As expected, it did not take long for the tweet to go viral and be flooded with netizens responding to it. While many disagreed with the rule, others asked them to leave the rules to the players. Here are some of the hilarious reactions to the viral post: No. When a +2 is played the next player must draw 2 cards and lose their turn. They cannot stack. — UNO (@realUNOgame) October 9, 2020 No – we did that once already today 😂 — UNO (@realUNOgame) October 8, 2020 When playing House Rules, you just need to make sure all players agree before starting the game. — UNO (@realUNOgame) October 8, 2020 YES – so we won’t have to delete it later 😅 — UNO (@realUNOgame) October 8, 2020

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