What are the 4 sources of error?

Common sources of error include instrumental, environmental, procedural, and human. All of these errors can be either random or systematic depending on how they affect the results.

manoa.hawaii.edu - Practices of Science: Scientific Error - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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When a single measurement is compared to another single measurement of the same thing, the values are usually not identical. Differences between single measurements are due to error. Errors are differences between observed values and what is true in nature. Error causes results that are inaccurate or misleading and can misrepresent nature. Scientifically accepted values are scientists’ current best approximations, or descriptions, of nature. As information and technology improves and investigations are refined, repeated, and reinterpreted, scientists’ understanding of nature gets closer to describing what actually exists in nature. However, nature is constantly changing. What was the best quality interpretation of nature at one point in time may be different than what the best scientific description is at another point in time. Errors are not always due to mistakes. There are two types of errors: random and systematic. Random error occurs due to chance. There is always some variability when a measurement is made. Random error may be caused by slight fluctuations in an instrument, the environment, or the way a measurement is read, that do not cause the same error every time. In order to address random error, scientists utilized replication. Replication is repeating a measurement many times and taking the average. Systematic error gives measurements that are consistently different from the true value in nature, often due to limitations of either the instruments or the procedure. Systematic error is one form of bias. Many people may think of dishonest researcher behaviors, for example only recording and reporting certain results, when they think of bias. However, it is important to remember that bias can be caused by other factors as well. Bias is often caused by instruments that consistently offset the measured value from the true value, like a scale that always reads 5 grams over the real value.